Community Family Studies- Task 3 - 1120 Words

Community and Family Studies- Task 3 In a hypothetical sense: Stephan, 35 male, married a young women who was died of cancer 1 year after bearing their second child. Stephan is now a single primary carer of these two children a girl aged 11 and a boy aged 9. He works full time at a high school to pay for one child’s schooling and the other child’s carer at home as well as medical needs e.g wheelchair. The youngest child has a severe type of autism which prevents him from attending school therefore needing a part-time carer at home. Different kinds of symptoms this child experiences may affect the child’s home life such as: Delay in learning how to speak or doesn’t talk at all, difficulty communicating needs or desires may affect the†¦show more content†¦With such a small living space for 3 people, this puts strain on the family’s relationships along with most of attention on the disabled child, the older child does not get much love or attention which may lead to feelings of neglect. The emotional wel lbeing of this child is at risk as she is growing into teenage years and not having the emotional and physical care of the mother, and the father not being there emotionally. The strain on the family will only grow therefore creating an unhealthy family environment. Not only is there emotional conflict within the child but with Stephan as he has to battle the loss of his loved one and care for two children as wells as pay for the children’s needs with the limited income from the full-time career as a high school teacher, where he has to put his attention on his students. Stephan does not have time for personal activities which may result in lack of physical and emotional health. Human services - parenting payment for single father This support network meets the needs of this parent/carer as it helps the financial situation of this single father with two children. This extra payment may contribute towards Stephan and the eldest child’s need’s of food, clothing and leisure activities. This support network benefits the carer as it provides extra money to help pay for specific needs and wants such as food, clothing etc. as well

Mental Health Counseling Free Essays

Professional competence among practicing mental health counselors has not been resolved yet whether it is attained through a licensure or higher educational training of this field.   As per many researches that have been conducted, it takes a lot of training and experience before one could get competence.   Besides, counseling a person with a mental health problem requires adequacy and expertise because irrelevant referral may result to a more aggravated condition on the part of the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health Counseling or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Thus, the issue of competence among mental health counselor requires a more rigid consideration for comprehensive trainings designed to develop competency. Professional competency is not acquired easily after four years of education in college nor if someone practicing it finds counseling a less difficult one.   Even highly experienced therapist may also seek professional help or doubt their abilities as counselors according to Gerald Corey, Marianne Schneider Corey and Patrick Callanan (p. 315).   This is why; many experts recommend a kind of training for these counselors in order to meet criteria of a competent counselor especially in dealing with mental health problem. There are practical ways in approaching difficult cases that requires good judgment.   In the first place, a counselor must identify whether he can do something about the problem, and refer that client to another therapist long before the allotted sessions end and not at the last day of therapy.   This only annoys the client and causes him to be disappointed further because of irresponsible referral. Based on the common issues observed in counseling sessions, the therapist must understand two factors that may contribute to his effectiveness: his judgment of the case and adequate training. Personal judgment of the case involves how a counselor evaluates the case and his own capability to handle it.   This also engages whether the case needs referral and when or how to communicate that to the client.   Referral is the last option when all the possible resources have been used up or exhausted. Training on other hand, is one basic component of competence.   Training must be comprehensive and organized in terms of selection of trainees, content, and best approaches to ensure desired results (Corey, Corey Callanan, p. 319).   Meanwhile, the kind of training to obtain licensure is under the jurisdiction of the accreditation committee; however, in most cases, licensure is given to those who obtained degree of psychology in college.   Here, the necessary trainings to develop a student are incorporated in the curriculum.   Generally, hands-on training is the transition point of students to have him acquire knowledge and skills. The content of a training program should be structured around a specific theoretical orientation that revolves around challenges as seen by concerned groups such as schools and practicing practitioners. Corey, et.al. pointed out that content must be objective and practical enough to offer students a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to variety of problems (p. 332).   Training program then must provide theoretical explanation to given problems in order to help them formulate rationale for every situation. Professional licensing may indicate that a person is competent as long as a comprehensive program is offered to students by the school and licensing department of the government.   – stated, â€Å"Licensing examination generally contains a written component which may be supplemented by oral examination or practicum exam (patient diagnosis or counseling).   These examination are commonly written or administered by the state board which also provides for scoring them and determines what â€Å"passing† scores are (p. 132). Also, on the part of the school, â€Å"The supervision work experience or practicum is meant to ensure that during the initial years of practice, the professional has the guidance necessary to deal with the complexities of practice.   It is a transition period between the intense supervision that is supposed to be part of academic training (p. 132). Work Cited Corey, G., Corey, M., Callanan, P. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions 7th Edition. Smith, S. Meyer, R. 1987.   Law, Behavior, and Mental Health: Policy and Practice. USA: NYU Press.       How to cite Mental Health Counseling, Essay examples

Cloning Essay Research Paper The Ethical Issues free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper The Ethical Issues of Human Cloning Twenty old ages from now, as you are walking around the square in Wilkes Barre, you pass person who looks precisely like you. They have your same brown eyes, unit of ammunition face, light brown hair, short stature, and even the same pregnant chads you possess. Can you conceive of the daze and even fright that may attach to such a sighting? The universe was bewildered when the intelligence that an grownup mammal was produced without any eggs being fertilized with sperm. The consequences of? Dolly? surprised society and the thought that human cloning was possible created an tumult. Many people disagree with cloning for ethical grounds. Oppositions want human cloning banned, stating it would merely make jobs. On the other manus, scientists say it could hold other benefits such as doubling embryos for in vitro and replacing a deceasing kid ( Masci 1 ) . Others argue that human cloning would open doors for interventions of serious diseases. ? Cloning human existences could be good, ? says Ruth Macklin, a professor of bioethics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City ( Masci 2 ) . One manner in which cloning could be good in the in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) procedure. Cloning Research may better IVF, in which an egg is removed from a adult female? s womb, fertilized by a donated sperm, and so implanted into the womb. Cloning could better the effectivity of IVF. Robert Stillman, one of the research workers in a recent cloning experiment, stated, ? If a adult female has merely a individual egg to be fertilized, the opportunities of a successful gestation are merely approximately 10 percent. ? He continues, ? If more so four embryos are implanted, the success rates rise dramatically? ( Stillman 1993 ) . Cloning embryos could divide one embryo into four and so increase the gestation rate for many adult females across the universe. Dividing the embryos would avoid the process holding to be done legion ti mes. It would cut down the physical hazards every bit good as fiscal costs. Cloning may besides offer new options for twosomes who are unable to bring forth kids the normal egg-sperm manner. If the twosome doesn? T want to utilize a alternate female parent or male parent, cloning gives the option of still holding a kid. However, the kid would be an exact reproduction of one of the parents. Cloning could convey trust into many twosomes? lives. Another possible usage might affect cloning a boy or girl. This usage of cloning could assist match excessively old to bring forth their ain kids. It can besides assist twosomes who have lost a kid to a slaying or snatch. Producing a kid who is indistinguishable to their past might alleviate some of the hurting. In add-on to helping in reproduction, cloning might assist happen interventions for certain diseases. Analyzing how the cells work could take scientists in the right way. Some cells in the human organic structure can merely execute a certain map. If there were a demand for that type of cell, scientists would be able to clone it so it will so execute its map that may be needed in the organic structure. Learning how cells perform different maps can take to detecting effectual interventions for diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease. Learning how cells work can besides supply scientists with the cognition of how tissues signifier. Cloning could organize these tissues which would help in grafts. Cloning tissues, variety meats, and even bone marrow could increase the success rate in surgery. All of these illustrations could be good ; nevertheless, many scientists still think cloning will do jobs. Wilmut, the scientist who cloned Dolly the sheep, feels that societal and ethical statements still outweigh the scientific benefits ( Masci 3 ) . Many research workers believe that there are other ways so cloning to happen interventions for diseases and to supply strength in grafts. ? I can? t at the minute candidly see anything in this ( cloning ) that is traveling to state us something about worlds that we can? t happen out in by experimentation more acceptable animate beings like mice and sheep, ? says Collin Stewart, Director of the Laboratory for Cancer Developmental Biology at the authorities? s Advanced Biosciences Laboratories in Fredrick, Maryland. Many of the statements by people who disagree with cloning point to the deficiency of informations about its effects. Whether it is the deficiency of humanity, loss of single individuality or uniqueness, or spiritual grounds, the statements to censor cloning maintain adding up. First, many research workers still believe that cloning is incorrect. One statement is that our sense of humanity will be destroyed if we begin to clone human existences. When Leon Kass wrote? Toward a More Natural Science? he said that the nature of adult male will be violated if human cloning is allowed ( Kass 73 ) . Many research workers agree with Kass, including Father Kevin Fitzgerald, a Jesuit priest and geneticist at Loyola University Medical Center. In an interview with Jim Lehrer, Fitzgerald commented: ? a kid is begotten and in this peculiar engineering I think that we could state copied, what intent is behind this? Are we seeking to replace person? Is this kid being brought into being in order to supply variety meats or tissue or something like that, and if so, are we really pull stringsing, utilizing an unreplaceable, valuable human being for some sort of proficient agencies? ( Lehrer 4 ) He besides feels that cloning worlds would be a major loss to our humanity. If worlds are cloned, scientific discipline is comparing a human being to a cell, which has no singularity or individuality. One cha racteristic of a human is its uniqueness, in the manner he or she dresses, acts, or expresses themselves. Many bookmans support the fact that cloning will non let singularity. Sidney Callahan, a psychologist, states that a kid is to be a alone creative activity. Cloning oneself, she continues, ? would be incorrect for its egocentric purpose and for the dehumanizing effects of seeking to deny the singularity of identity. ? ( 33 ) . Kass besides agrees with Callahan as he remarks that a individual in? inherently injured by holding been made a transcript of another human being? depending on which homo is being cloned. ( 67 ) . Critics of human cloning besides raise the inquiry of whether the sense of individualism of ringers would be diminished. An illustration would be when one kid is cloned to be indistinguishable to his older brother a few old ages subsequently. Critics express concern about whether life with an older or younger twin would take down the kid? s single individuality. The confusion of whether or non he was to follow in his brother? s footfalls would do happening his ain individuality harder ( Singer and Wells 145 ) . Rearing such a scenario could besides be a job, because the relationship between the two male childs would be more than merely brothers. Ken Jenks, a alumnus from the University of Illinois who now works for the U.S. authorities, believes that cloning a human being would wholly oppress the thought of a household tree. For illustration, say a adult female named Betty decides to clone herself. Her ringer would hold indistinguishable familial stuff to Betty. Her parents, Abel and Anne, are besides the familial parents of her kid, Cindy, but Betty carries Cindy to term and gives birth to her. In some ways, this makes Cindy both the girl and granddaughter of Abel and Anne. Because this scenario is so complicated, inquiries like? ? Does this do Betty a alternate female parent for Abel and Anne? ? or? Is Betty obligated to obtain permission from Abel and Anne? ? would be asked ( 2 ) . The confusion that human cloning would make within a household is another statement against the procedure. Numerous people besides disagree with human cloning for spiritual grounds. Critics believe that scientific discipline has no concern messing with God? s method of creative activity. Munawar Ahmad Anees, a author for Islamic and Biological Features writes, ? the human organic structure is God? s belongings, non adult male? s research lab? ( quoted in Masci 4 ) . Anee? s position is shared by both Christians and Jews. Religious bookmans believe that God created Adam and Eve for a ground that was non to clone worlds, but give birth to them. When the inquiry of human cloning comes up, some biological and societal factors spark argument. One of the many concerns is that of mass production where cloning will be taken out of manus, and create legion ringers of the same individual. Although it seems really improbable that mass production would of all time take topographic point, the fact that it is capable of being done is what worry many research workers. Further statement about unknown biological effects include the possibility of research lab errors that would take to the birth of some kind of earnestly damaged or subhuman animals. ? Until you get the technique one hundred per centum reliable, you? re traveling to hold tonss of abortions, still births, and unnatural babes, ? Stewart says ( Masci 5 ) . The possibility that parents might donate to others one of a brace of cloned frozen embryos that they can non utilize would intend that twins of bing kids might be born at different times and raised by different parents. Since the donor twosome would hold no connexion with the ringer or his or her household, would the ringer have the right to cognize his or her parents? Another issue is the inadvertent meeting of the ringers. An unexpected meeting of one another could raise injury or joy. Animal cloning is in the present ; human cloning is in the hereafter. Some scientists believe human cloning is a decennary off. Cornell University animate being scientific disciplines Professor W. Bruce Curtie agrees when he states, ? We could be at that place in ten old ages, if we truly decided to make it? ( Masci 14 ) . Others believe the first cloned human won? T be for many old ages. No affair when the first homo is cloned, it is obvious that the ethical overtones are existent and society must be prepared. Callahan, Sydney. 1998. Challenge of the New Reproductive Technologies. In Medical Ethical motives: A Guide for Health Professionals, erectile dysfunction. John F. Monagle and David C. Thomasma, pp. 26-37. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publication. Cloning. 1978. The MacNeil/Lehrer Report. Transcript. Library No. 660, Show No. 3200: ( 7 April ) . New York: WNET/13. Jenks, Ken. Cloning? Mind? s Eye Fiction. 15 June 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //tale.com/edit-970615.phtml ( 19 March 2000. ) Kass, Leon R. 1985. Toward? s a More Natural Science. New York: The Free Press. Lehrer, Jim. Cloning? Multiplicity. 24 February 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/jan-jun97/cloning/_2-24/html. ( 15 March 2000. ) Masci, David. The Cloning Controversy. EBSCO Host. 18 March 2000. Shannon, Thomas A. Ethical Issues in Genetics. Theological Studies Vol. 60 Issue 1 ( 1999 ) : p111. Singer, Peter, and, Wells, Deane. 1985. Making Babies. The New Science and Ethical motives of Conception. New York: Scribner. Stillman, Robert J. 1993. Statement. ( Dateless imperativeness release from George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC. )

Pygmalion free essay sample

The distinctive voices, characteristic in any text/s, can be deconstructed to develop an understanding which may validate, challenge or disprove society’s values and/or beliefs within a given context. Language, in all its forms, is a human thing, and allows the traces or imprints of human use, not inherently but in its use. A text may promote obvious distinction between the authorial voice and characters viewpoint. This can be seen in the play of Pygmalion in by George Bernard shaw and the film Pleasantville directed by Gary Ross.Both of these texts show distinctive voices through dialogue the use of dialogue which highlights the relationships and differences between characters. Pygmalion is a play in five acts. It is about a young woman named Eliza Doolittle who sells flowers on the side of the street. She is very poor and badly spoken. She meets Mr. Higgins who is a phonetician (an expert in the spoken English Language). We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In act 1 her distinctive voices described as needing to wash her hair, dirty compared to the other ladies and dressed in a shoddy coat and coarse skirt.Her social class is also revealed in her manner of speaking. She uses colloquial language, contracts words into one and has a distinct cockney accent. An example of this can be seen in her first line of the play:†There’s menner f’yer! Te-oo branches o voylets trod into the mad† In this line Eliza created a contraction â€Å"f’yer†. She also used the incorrect tense when she said ‘trod†. Some of her words are expressed using the phonetic alphabet to give the impression of how they would sound. While she does so another member of the lower class draws her attention to a who is making note of everything she says.Eliza became quite distressed because she was afraid that she was going to be accused of prostitution. Her distress is shown through her repetition of I’m a good girl† and her cries like ‘ah-ow-ooh†. Her reaction demonstrates her vulnerability as a young woman from the lower classes. She has very little money but treasures her respectability, a charge of prositution would be damaging to her character and lower any opportunity for future advancement. This is a very significant scene because it introduces many of the key characters and establishes the plot which is based on Eliza’s training to behave like a woman. More importantly, this scene establishes Eliza’s voice. Her voice is emblematic of her low social class. Her vocabulary is limited. Her pronunciation is dreadful and she speaks with a cockney accent. Her voice at this point defines her identity. Eliza’s voice changes as the story progresses which is used to send a message about society. Eliza is dressed and tutored by Mr. higgins in order to appear like a lady. After a great deal of work she is mistaken for a foreign princess at a ball due to her excellent pronunciation.However, it is not until Act IV when she stands up to Mr. Higgins that she truly adopts her own distinctive voice. An example of this can be seen when she says â€Å"what’s to become of me? What’s to become of me†. This quote use rhetorical question and repetition to demonstrate her distressed state and also to show that she is thinking for herself and questioning the authority of Mr higgins. Shortly after she says â€Å" I said flowers. I didn’t sell myself. Now you’ve made a lady of me I’m not fit for anything else. I wish you’d left me where you’d found me. In this comment she juxtaposes her life before and after the experiment to compare the two and demonstrate that her options have been limited by participating in the experiment . These quotes display that she has learnt the right way to speak so that her social class has been disguised. This is a very significant scene in the play because it is the moment when Eliza truly finds her voice. Her manner of speaking is forceful and calculated which reveals her intelligence and sense of independence. She shows that beneath the appearance of a lady she is still the same person.She demands answers and takes control of her situation. This is the moment when she uses her voice to reclaim control over her life. Another distinctive voice in Pymalion is that Henry Higgins . is an important character in the play as he is Eliza’s tutor. He Is an expert in phonetics and is very proud of his skill and his ability to transform Eliza into a lady. However he fails to follow the rules of social conduct when they are out in public. This is evident in Act III when he was rude to the hostess saying: â€Å"fearful bore for you this sort of thing.Forgive my part in it†. However he is most rough with Eliza. His voice is characterised by the severe tone, high volume and use of profanity or insults. He also uses a harsh tone, particularly when talking to Eliza e. g â€Å"You won my bet! You! Presumptuous insect! / I won it. † In this quote he uses exclamations, repetition and italics to show his emotion. This quote uses exclamations and repetition of you to emphasise his emotion. He also uses the metaphor of Eliza as an insect to communicate his anger but also create the sense that she is small and meaningless.This quote shows his inability to acknowledge that eliza worked hard for the bet. â€Å" Damn Mrs. pearce ; and damn the coffee; and damn you: and wildly damn my own folly in having lavished my hard-earned knowledge and the treasure of my regard and intimacy on a heartless guttersnipe†. At this point Mr. Higgins has truly lost his temper. This is shown in the repetition of the curse â€Å"damn†. He has been hurt by what Eliza has said because he believes that she is ungrateful. Eliza has won the argument by making him lose his temper. He leaves in fury.This is another example of how tone, language choice and language devices can be used to create a individual voices. 22 is a song by Lily allen shows how dialogue can create a distinctive voice. It compares the optimistic plans and attitude of a yound and attractive 22 year old, to her 30 year old self. It is a song about disappointed dreams as she does not achieve what she hoped to and does not understand where her life went to wrong. The primary voice in the song is the narrator who describes her past and present self. The song begins with the juxtaposition of her young and old self.The young version had a world of opportunity open to her, the old version has past her prime and does not how to she got so lost. The choice of bright and night create an image in the reader’s mind and that she has moved from the light to the dark, from something good into something bad (imagery). Through the third person omniscient narration the reader learns about the thoughts, feelings and aspirations of the woman at different points in her life. The chorus gives us the voice of society which claims that her life is over because she is a woman who has passed a certain age. It also make use of juxtaposition to contrast her hopes as a 22 year old to the reality as a 30 year old. The chorus is repeated three times, this, this use of repetition is required for the structure of a song and it emphaises the power of the voice of society. Another strong voice in the poem is the voice of society. The voice of society is shown in the chorus. The voice of society says that at 30 she has reached her expiration date, she will not get a career or a husband if she has not already. The voice of society suggests that once she reaches a certain age she has lost her good looks and has no bright opportunities.The voice of society is a strong influence and its significance is emphasised as the chorus is repeated. The repetition of the chorus draws attention to society’s view and grants it power. The voice is an important tool that can be used to empower people, however it can also disempower people by revealing information about the past. In the song 22 by lily allen shows the voice of a bright, optimistic young woman, the voice of a downtrodden and disillusioned older woman and the overpowering voice of society.This song relates to Pygmalion because both texts deal with a young woman bound by the expectations of society. The voices of the main characters initially disempower them because they mark them as a outsiders who do not belong in Pleasantville. However, bud’s speech at the end of the film uses passion and inspiration to gain support. These distinctive voices reveal how spoken language can authorize characters and define their characteristics. This is imaginable through a range of language and aural techniques.

Free Essays on Midsummer Nights Dream

The role of women and the supernatural are obvious themes present in the Shakespeare play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These themes are used currently as well; however during the Elizabethan Era they had very different understandings. The role of women was used in a more negative context and the supernatural was more commonly believed than it is today. Compared to men, women were treated as a lower society of persons during the Elizabethan time. They were expected to cook, clean, care for the children, while look beautiful if in a upper class family and be hard working if in a lower class family. Women were not ranked how men were. They were characterized based on their sexual background or their marital status. The father was the head of the household; so whatever he said was the law of the house. The wives could not disagreed or question a decision her husband made unless she did it with humility and meekness. If the father sticks with what he has already said, his wife must accept this and forget about it. The wife is the rock of the family. She must make sure her family is always stabile, emotionally and morally. In the family daughters must be well mannered, good-looking, and pure. Also, she must marry a man that will benefit the social position of her entire family. The daughters cannot even think about marriage unless her parents, mostly her father has approved. Man is considered to be the top ruler in the family, as well as outside the family. The Elizabethans had many reasons why the man, particularly the husband was the top authority. One reason was that God appointed him to this position when man and woman were created. Women were expected to do and say what their husbands wished of them, whether it went against their beliefs and feelings or not. As long as she doesn’t go against God’s will, she can go against herself as often as needed to. Another theme is the supernatural, particularl... Free Essays on Midsummer Night's Dream Free Essays on Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare’s play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is a humorous and imaginative comedy. One main theme Shakespeare includes in his play is transformation. In order to understand the many transformations, one must have a close following and understanding of the play. One transformation, which happens to three people, is due to Oberon and Puck’s flower juice. The juice is a love potion, which is applied to a person’s eyelids when he or she is sleeping. When the person awakens, he or she will fall in love with the first person they see. The first love transformation occurs when Lysander awakens to Helena, his soon-to-be wife’s good friend (Act II, scene ii, lines 103-107). The second transformation occurs when Titania awakens to see Bottom, who has undergone a transformation of his own (Act III, scene i, lines 129-224). The third transformation occurs when Demetrius also awakens to see Helena, whom he had earlier claimed to be sickened by (Act III, scene ii, lines 137-144). Another type of transformation occurs between Hermia and Helena. At the beginning of the play, both Demetrius and Lysander were in love with Hermia, although she was only in love with Lysander (Act I, scene i, lines 22-45). Helena, was in love with Demetrius, but he did not like heart all (Act II, scene i, lines 188-194). By the middle of Act II, because of the love potion, Lysander had fallen in love with Helena. By Act III, Demetrius had also fallen in love with her, for the same reason. Neither Demetrius nor Lysander loved Hermia anymore, but both loved Helena. This is the opposite scenario of what the play opened with. A physical transformation occurs when the mischievous Puck oversees the craftsmen rehearsing their play. He decides to play a joke and transforms Bottom’s head into that of an ass’s (Act III, scene I, lines 102-105). When the other craftsmen see Bottom’s head, they are scared and run away, leaving puck v... Free Essays on Midsummer Night's Dream The role of women and the supernatural are obvious themes present in the Shakespeare play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These themes are used currently as well; however during the Elizabethan Era they had very different understandings. The role of women was used in a more negative context and the supernatural was more commonly believed than it is today. Compared to men, women were treated as a lower society of persons during the Elizabethan time. They were expected to cook, clean, care for the children, while look beautiful if in a upper class family and be hard working if in a lower class family. Women were not ranked how men were. They were characterized based on their sexual background or their marital status. The father was the head of the household; so whatever he said was the law of the house. The wives could not disagreed or question a decision her husband made unless she did it with humility and meekness. If the father sticks with what he has already said, his wife must accept this and forget about it. The wife is the rock of the family. She must make sure her family is always stabile, emotionally and morally. In the family daughters must be well mannered, good-looking, and pure. Also, she must marry a man that will benefit the social position of her entire family. The daughters cannot even think about marriage unless her parents, mostly her father has approved. Man is considered to be the top ruler in the family, as well as outside the family. The Elizabethans had many reasons why the man, particularly the husband was the top authority. One reason was that God appointed him to this position when man and woman were created. Women were expected to do and say what their husbands wished of them, whether it went against their beliefs and feelings or not. As long as she doesn’t go against God’s will, she can go against herself as often as needed to. Another theme is the supernatural, particularl... Free Essays on Midsummer Night's Dream Midsummer night's Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Theme of Love In Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Night’s Dream, one of the main reoccurring themes is love. Shakespeare writes of love that is passionate and impulsive, or sensible and reasonable. In Act three, Bottom, a crude commoner states on opinion of love. "And Yet, to say the truth, reason and love keep little company together now-a-days; the more pity, that some honest neighbors will not make them friends." (Act III, Scene i, line 136) However, in many ways, reason and love are already much more closely linked in their society than the modern day reader is used to. Shakespeare has one example of real love in this play: Hermia and Lysander^s. Their love is pure and simple. They have no reason to be in love with each other, but yet have hopelessly fallen so. This is Shakespeare^s symbol of ultimate innocence. However, often with innocence comes abuse of that quality, as in A Midsummer Night^s Dream. Egeus, Hermia^s father, feels th at Hermia is too innocent to choose her own husband, and that it is his place to choose one for her. Although perhaps he is only doing this to ^protect^ her, it shows his opinion of Hermia^s incompetence. He illustrates this value system when explains to Theseus "And, my gracious duke, This man hath bewitch^d the bosom of my child. Thou, thou, Lysander, thou hast given her rhymes, And interchanged love-tokens with my child^ With cunning hast thou filch^d my daughter^s heart, Turn^d her obedience, which is due to me, To stubborn harshness." (Act I, Scene I, line 27) In many ways the opposite of real love, Hermia and Demetrius^ relationship is symbolic for practicality and sensibility. Hermia does not love Demetrius and refuses to marry him. It is not even clear what Demetrius^ motives are. One can speculate, however, that he desires to marry Hermia for her money or respectable family. Whatever the reasons, it is apparent that this relationship is...

How to Make Your Own Invisible Ink

How to Make Your Own Invisible Ink Making invisible ink to write and reveal secret messages is a great science project to try, even if you think you dont have the right chemicals. Why? Because just about any chemical can be used as invisible ink if you know how to use it. What Is Invisible Ink? Invisible ink is any substance that you can use to write a message that is invisible until the ink is revealed. You write your message with the ink using a cotton swab, dampened finger, fountain pen, or toothpick. Let the message dry. You might also want to write a normal message on the paper so that it doesnt appear to be blank and meaningless. If you write a cover message, use a ballpoint pen, pencil, or crayon, since fountain pen ink could run into your invisible ink. Avoid using lined paper to write your invisible message for the same reason. How you reveal the message depends on the ink you use. Most invisible inks are made visible by heating the paper. Ironing the paper and holding it over a 100-watt bulb are easy ways to reveal these types of messages. Some messages are developed by spraying or wiping the paper with a second chemical. Other messages are revealed by shining an ultraviolet light  on the paper. Ways to Make Invisible Ink Anyone can write an invisible message, assuming you have paper, because body fluids can be used as invisible ink. If you dont feel like collecting urine, here are some alternatives: Heat-Activated Invisible InksYou can reveal the message by ironing the paper, setting it on a radiator, placing it in an oven (set lower than 450 F), or holding it up to a hot light bulb. To write the message you can use: Any acidic fruit juice (e.g., lemon, apple, or orange juice)Onion juiceBaking soda (sodium bicarbonate)VinegarWhite wineDiluted colaDiluted honeyMilkSoapy waterSucrose (table sugar) solutionUrine Inks Developed by Chemical ReactionsThese inks are sneakier  because you have to know how to reveal them. Most of them work using pH indicators, so when in doubt, paint or spray a suspected message with a base (such as sodium carbonate solution) or an acid (such as lemon juice). Some of these inks will reveal their message when heated (e.g., vinegar). Examples of such inks include: Phenolphthalein (pH indicator), developed by ammonia fumes or sodium carbonate (or another base)Thymolphthalein, developed by ammonia fumes or sodium carbonate (or another base)Vinegar or diluted acetic acid, developed by red cabbage waterAmmonia, developed by red cabbage waterSodium bicarbonate (baking soda), developed by grape juiceSodium chloride (table salt), developed by silver nitrateCopper sulfate, developed by sodium iodide, sodium carbonate, potassium ferricyanide, or ammonium hydroxideLead(II) nitrate, developed by sodium iodideIron sulfate, developed by sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, or potassium ferricyanideCobalt chloride, developed by potassium ferricyanideStarch (e.g., corn starch or potato starch), developed by iodine solutionLemon juice, developed by iodine solution Inks Developed by Ultraviolet Light (Black Light)Most inks that become visible when you shine a black light on them also would become visible if you heated the paper. Glow-in-the-dark stuff is still cool. Here are some chemicals to try: Dilute laundry detergent (the bluing agent glows)Body fluidsTonic water (quinine glows)Vitamin B-12 dissolved in vinegar Any chemical that weakens the structure of paper can be used as an invisible ink, so you might find it fun to discover other inks around your home or lab.

Leadership Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership Philosophy - Essay Example When a leader has lost the confidence of the team, that leader must resort to the least effective ways of getting things done. Leaders that do not have the confidence of the team must cajole and discipline unwilling employees to accomplish the stated goals of the organization. This creates a toxic relationship on the team. However, if a leader is wise enough to interact with everyone in an atmosphere charged by integrity then trust is built. Trust is one of the most liberating sensations one can experience in the workplace or in our personal lives. I believe that establishing this relationship of trust is essential because my belief is that good leaders lead best by modeling correct actions and allowing their subordinates the freedom choose to follow the effective practices modeled. One of these skills an effective leader can model the strong critical thinking skills. The effective leader must be able to cast aside assumptions about established procedures so improvements can be discovered through the use of a critical eye. Good leaders are not bound by tradition. They do follow established protocols, but are able to look beyond the immediate needs of the team or organization by firmly establishing in their minds what is most important and of greatest priority at any given time. Modeling critical thinking for a leader is essential, because this is the type of skill I expect and employee to possess and to be able to deploy on an independent basis. The good thing about critical thinking skills is they can be acquired. By being in contact often with other members of the team, a good leader can use conversations to help employees evaluate their actions in a given situation that perhaps didn’t work out well due to a lack of critical thinking. These teachable moments are important if a leader is to build leadership capacity in other members of the team. Critical thinking builds on the basis of trust

The Transition from High School to College in Kuwait Research Paper

The Transition from High School to College in Kuwait - Research Paper Example    Previous literature reports on student’s transition into campus have mainly focused on the determinants of success of first-year students (Christensen & Evamy, 2011) Learning and expectation of first-year students (Tabitha et al. 2012) and Engaging ethnically and empowerment of first-year students (Apelian, 2010). Little literature is available on the challenges of students transitioning from high school to university in Kuwait. This research paper aims to evaluate the challenges faced by students joining the college for undergraduate programmes.   Most students are happy to join undergraduate studies. (Nia, 2014) state that this, however, brings extreme distress because most of them are separating with accustomed settings and places for the first time. Briggs (2013) argue that the transition process from high school to university is likely to interfere with physical comfort, social security and the pleasure from extracurricular activities in the first year.   Briggs (2013) adds that the transition process can be stressful. The segregation of students in the Middle East, for example, brings trauma to students most of who learn for the first time with the opposite gender. The students are also responsible for making major decisions regarding their schedule; this can be challenging given most of their time in lower classes was managed by teachers. Roe et al. (2010) confirm that students find it hard to adjust to making decisions on what to undertake at a particular time as well as sleep and wake up time.

Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Cover Letter Essay Hello Beaumont: I am interested in the Hospitality, Please review the attached resume, which highlight skills and accomplishments that will enable me to contribute to your team. I have computer knowledge and years of customer service skills along with my ability to work within teams if needed for the job. I would appreciate the chance to show, apply, and learn more useful skills that will help me in pursuing my long-term career goals. I can be reached via email and or phone. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking with you about this employment opportunity. Sincerely, [Your Name] [Street Address] [Address 2] [City, ST ZIP Code] [Phone] [E-Mail] [Website] [Date] [Recipient Name] [Title] [Company Name] [Street Address] [Address 2] [City, ST ZIP Code] Dear [Recipient Name]: [Name of Person Referring] suggested that I contact you regarding the open [job title] position with [Company Name]. My educational background in [field of study], along with my professional experience, makes me an excellent candidate for this position. As you will see from the enclosed resume, I have more than [number] years of experience in the field of [area of professional expertise]. My resume shows that I have been consistently rewarded for hard work with promotions and increased responsibilities. These rewards are a direct result of my expertise in [area of professional expertise], my commitment to personal and professional excellence, and my excellent written and oral communication skills. If you have questions, or if you want to schedule an interview, please contact me at [phone number]. I look forward to meeting you to further discuss employment opportunities with [Company Name]. Sincerely, [Your Name] Enclosure

Missing in Action: The Female Work Force in Nazi Germany :: European History Research Papers

The Female Work Force in Nazi Germany Unlike the examples of the United States, Great Britain, Italy, and the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany refused to mobilize its female work force behind their war effort. Even as Germany was starving from attrition in a lack in war supplies as well as civilian essentials such as food, Nazi officials declined from enlisting the female force as laborers. All of Europe struggled to survive throughout the brutality of World War Two by using every resource available, except for Germany. Germany struggled as well, but stubbornly denied its full capacity in fighting the war by declaring the workplace unsuitable for women. Yet women around the world supplied munitions to the men at the front in order to succeed militarily as well as domestically. Germany did not have the luxury of maintaining a male dominated work force during the war, yet they tried to do so and found disaster. The reasons that Germany chose not to mobilize "racially acceptable" German women into the work force were complex and varied, but can be categorized into four primary categories. Firstly, Nazi expectation about World War II influenced not only how they dealt women, but also the entire German community. Nazi belief and behavior supported a "racially" superior nation inhabited by a war weary people. Subsequently, they feared losing support should Germany become involved in a protracted war or if the government asked too many sacrifices from its people. Secondly, German history paints a continuous prejudice toward women and their role in society. Nazis understood the prejudice, based their ideologies and policies on it, and then expanded from this base to more radical and limiting policies toward women. Thirdly, the enactment of Nazi policies and ideologies toward women were incompatible with including them in the war-stressed industrial force. Nazis had mapped out women's role in the Third Reich before the war, and were inflexible to altering it to include the necessary hardships of war. Finally, Germany used a pool of labor in their industry that was unique to Nazi Germany. Germany had the luxury of pulling from the populations of occupied Europe to fill its factories, and when even they were not enough, Nazis finally used the "inferior" forces of the inmates of concentration camps. Nazi Germany's failure to mobilize its female work force behind its war effort was a flaw that eventually became fatal. Germany is a country traditionally preoccupied with status and titles.

NGN Migration

There is an urgent need that telecommunication services that are converged and qualitative be offered as this will pave way for the Next Generation Networks focusing on reducing the existing digital divide. NGN migration involves the process of changing the dormant cabinets to being active. This requires very accurate information on the local loop connectivity enabling the existing pairs to be rapidly copied from the existing frame to a new one and without erring. (Michael, 2001) Once the migration is completed without any service interruption any information concerning the quality of the pairs is very important in supplying the high-bandwidth services. Most carriers and service providers are looking for an aggressive improvement of their services and their migration to the New Generation Services Network. There is an intense competition which is continually eroding the profitability of most of the service providers majority of whom are transiting to IP.The NGN service providers thus need more inventive   joint infrastructures  Ã‚   that will improve the current services delivery. They should also provide a framework for solutions in the intelligence of the greater network. (Lee, Deborah, Kevin, and Sally, 2000) The carriers will not only have a short term relief through flexibility and incorporation but also their position in seizing other new market opportunities will be expanded. The solutions which are part and parcel of the Cisco IP NGN objectives encompass a wider transformation of both the entire businesses and the service providers. The IP NGN sanctions the service providers to meet all the customers’ needs more efficiently while providing a basis for delivering profit sustaining applications. Cisco IP NGM has created an intelligent infrastructure that opens opportunities for service providers so that they can offer more advanced and personalized media services over any other form of connection. Cisco strongly supports the NGN transition in relation to its conceptual planning and the network design. It also serves as a business partner supporting the service providers on the NGN migration. Cisco on the other hand assists the service providers in transforming their businesses and their networks. The transformation offers new value added services that help them increase their profitability and achieve greater efficiency. The IP NGM cannot be bought by the service providers since it evolves constantly adapting to its customers demands and opportunities in the new technology. However it is possible to still give speculations about the transformation. The NGM encompasses the service provider’s current and future services realizing the fact that the largest part of the growth will be in data and video services. Voice services will initially be significant in the service portfolio giving way to richer media services inclusive of video, voice and data. (Larry & Bruce, 2000) The shift towards NGN entails the service provider’s network as a whole since it not only concerns itself with bandwidth in network access but also in the delivery of an excellence bandwidth in the entire network. IP NGM is more about making significant changes to an individual network thus creating a single network for service deliveries. A regulators global symposium held in February 2007 laid down guidelines for NGNs migration with a goal of promoting frameworks that promote innovation, and a reasonably priced access to NGN.This took place in a three day meeting in Dubai during which   Ã‚  guidelines for telecommunications migration were laid down. The regulators designed a roadmap that would encourage frameworks that are regulated .The International Engineering Consortium experts gave an NGN definition as the blend between the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the public switched data network (PSDN) as it also creates a multi service single network. An explanation was given that the switch infrastructures proprietary owned, the architecture for NGNs pushes for a central office functions to the network edge. The results are a network infrastructure that is well distributed leveraging open and new technologies therefore reducing the market entry cost and increasing flexibility as well as accommodate the packet-switched data and the circuit-switched data. (Ericsson, 2001) Other scholars similarly defined it as the future networks stimulated by the need to transport data and multimedia services through the same network having very flexible deployment and the capability to change various models in the economy for the best results. The telecommunications regulatory department globally that is in charge of the standardization also defined NGN as a network that is packet based with the potential to provide various telecommunication services and simultaneously making use of the multiple broadband. Practically speaking the NGN involves architectural changes which include the core network through the PSTN design and the cable and wire access.NGN encompasses transport networks as a core network with each built for a totally different service to become a single transport network which is oftenly based on either internet protocol (IP) or Ethernet. There is a specific definition between the network services running on the transports top and the connectivity ratio of the network. This indicates that when a new service is to be enabled by a provider this could be done by first directly defining the service layer without the consideration of the transport layer. Here the services are independent of any details pertaining transport thus increasing the applications that are independent of the network access through delayering of the application and the networks. The global symposium for the regulators was initiated in the year 2000with participants from all over the world as this year they centered on the NGNs migration. It focused on the roadmap to next generation’s networks and how they could achieve success at the same time promoting investment. The meeting also fully did an examination on the regulatory issues that are very urgent such as the NGNs interconnection, competition, universal access, consumer protection, investment and the global interconnection of the internet. According to the regulators secretary general the best practices were to be adopted offering a possible way of providing benefits to both the consumers and the service providers through reduced costs. They would also offer new and innovative services to the consumers. The guidelines also called upon the regulators to adopt regimes that can be subjected to regular checkups ensuring that competition barriers are eliminated. They were to ensure that both the users and the providers can easily migrate to other networks in the future when all the required market conditions are met. (Bennett, 2001) The regulators were ready to tailor the adopted practices in the world market as they were also urged in adopting flexible interconnection models that would allow a very smooth transition to the NGNs.They were also urged to maintain a playing field that is leveled thus protecting the interests of the consumers. The participants made an agreement that various steps were to be taken that the market did not suffer any form of competition distortion especially in the issue of convergence. There was also a risk that the providers of the NGN and the operators also were in a position to regulate the competition at the service level to their own advantage. The regulators were also cautioned to be on the look out monitoring any incidents requiring a regulatory response (Erick, 2001) The ITU director also gave an explanation that NGN was placed in-between thee internet and the telecom worlds thus bringing out a variety of issues to be handled by the regulators themselves. They were also encouraged to clearly define policies that would allow the IP networks and the legacy to co-exist offering a voice together. There should be a consideration put in place while making the obligations applicable to the providers and the operators of the telephony services not considering the service delivery to the consumers (Anders 2000) The issues pertaining the process of the NGNs migration are to be addressed with urgency for the formation of a high level co-coordinating committee consisting of the major key players in the industry. These key people are to all the issues relevant so that there is a there is a systematic and smooth transition from the existing networks to the NGNs.Various issues are to be handled by the committee formed so that they can create awareness for the NGNs building programme.They are also expected to put up a timetable for the NGN migration world wide.    References Anders A. (2000):   Capacital study of statistical multiplexing for IP telephony. Technical Report T2000:03, SICS. P 78-105 Bennett, J.   (2001): Voice over packet reliability issues for next generation net- Works. In IEEE International Conference on Communications, volume 1, ICC, June 2001. P 142–145. Eirik, H. (2001):   Planning for migration to a next generation network. Master’s thesis, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, September 2001 p 89-99 Ericsson, O. (2001):   The migration story: Different highways to a multi-service net- Work. White Paper, October 2001. p 85 Larry L. & Bruce S. (2000):   Computer Networks, a Systems Approach. Morgan Kaufmann, second edition. P 45-66 Lee B., Deborah E., Kevin, F., and Sally F. (2000): Advances in network simulation. IEEE Computer, 33(5), 78-84 Michael, D. (2001):   Evolving the next generation network. Technical Report PR 109 NPD 01, Eircom, March 2001.p 56-89               

Forgotten Fire

Forgotten Fire is a fictional book that is based on a true life story of a boy’s life that was destroyed by the Armenian genocide. Adam Bagdasarian the author of Forgotten Fire, uses Vahan Kenderian’s life story to show the disaster that the Armenian Genocide had brought on to this race. Forgotten Fire is about a boy named Vahan Kenderian who grew up in a very affluent family and was very well know. Vahan never expected to have to lose everything he had including his family. His father had always told him that lacked character and that sooner or later he would have to wake up and mature in his ways.He never expected for it to come so soon in the summer of 1950. Vahan had been arrested, malnourished, separated from family, beaten, and had seen his family killed. The Armenian soldiers took his father and then beat up his uncle and shot his older brother. His mother, grandmother, siblings and him were kept in cells without food or water. They were forced to walk miles in a single file line in order to get to the next camp site. They were finally allowed to drink but whoever drank was killed and he witnessed his grandmother die.He ran away from the camp leaving behind his sister and mother only having his brother left. He later lost his brother to malnutrition. He became the slave of an Armenian governor but later ran away only to find a tribe that thought he was deaf and mute. He fell in love with the chief’s daughter and knew that her father was out to kill him. So he ran away to find refuge in a town that was abandon other than a steel worker who helped him into a girls home. The head mistress, Mrs. Fauld, brought him to a doctor’s home who lived on a farm and worked as a slave towards the Germans.He met Seta who was in the house of the German governor. She was later kicked out because she got pregnant, Vahan took Seta in and she had her baby but she died a week after she gave birth. The governor later took the baby boy. Later that ye ar the wife of the doctor died. After she passed Vahan decided to leave so he left to Constantinople. That is where he found peace and place where the war had not touched. In the 1950’s there was a lot of prejudice all over the world. This included turkey although it was to a more extreme extent. The 1950’s was right inthe time of the civil rights movement in America. I was surprised to learn that the Turkish were so brutal with the Armenians they had no respect for them at all they would beat them to a pulp with no regard to them. They considered them as trash they did not look at them as people, they were less than people they had no value what so ever. I learned that many of the genocide happen just because a race does not like a specific race because of what they look like or because of what they have in their cultures or they seem to have the idea that one race is superior to the other.In turkey the Turks ran Armenia they ran the government and the military. Altho ugh most of Armenia had a huge population of Armenians they ran many of the shops in small towns. Up until the Armenian Genocide the people had been somewhat settle about their dislike of each other. They had not brutally beaten one another up just for the fun of it they respected each other until the leader decided to promote the violence against the Armenian nation. I also learned that during the genocide they killed all the boys from the age of sixteen and older because they have the possibility of revolting.They only allowed the women and children to survive because it was easier for the soldiers to overpower them then the men because they were weaker and they tended to cower in fear of them so it was easy to take control once they showed fear. The Armenian culture is very family oriented because of the Armenian Genocide they are very community based they keep themselves within their race like the Hispanic culture they are very family oriented and put family at a very high stake .Armenian enjoy music, dancing, art , and their literature plays a huge role in their race. Over the years many of the stories were passed down this way and are passed down through many generations they have many stories to tell to their families that have been passed from generation to generation. The Armenian culture tries to stay within their race when it comes to marriage they don’t really marry outside of their race The Hispanic culture is loves to dance and to have music playing, hanging out with their whole family.Forgotten Fire is a great book in the way it was written and told. I really liked that they stayed really close to the actual story rather than going on ends trying to make it interesting when they don’t have to because the story is interesting already. It was really cool to see that in real life he was able to reunite with some of his family. He was able to reunite with his uncle I thought it was really cool how they told his end of the story but they also added a twist onto it.The twist really provided hope for the main character allowing you to see that all his trials are over and that all he had gone through is finally done with and he can be at peace where he is at. Although this book was graphic it really helps you understand only slightly what he is going through even though you may never be able to fully comprehend what had happened to him during his life and during that time period they did a really good job on helping you understand how he was feeling. The only thing I didn’t like about the book was how they split it up into sections it made the book to seem to go on for a really long time.

List of Elements in the Transition Metal Group

List of Elements in the Transition Metal Group The largest group of elements on the periodic table is that of the transition metals, which is found in the middle of the table. Also, the two rows of elements below the main body of the periodic table (the lanthanides and actinides) are special subsets of these metals. These elements are called transition metals because the electrons of their atoms make the transition to filling the d subshell or d sublevel orbital. Thus, the transition metals are also known as the d-block elements.   Here is a list of elements that are considered to be transition metals or transition elements. This list does not include the lanthanides or actinides, just the elements in the main part of the table. List of Elements That Are Transition Metals ScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumLanthanum, sometimes (often considered a rare earth, lanthanide)HafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryActinium, sometimes (often considered a rare earth, actinide)RutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCopernicium  presumably is  a transition metal. Transition Metal Properties The transition metals are the elements you normally think of when you imagine a metal. These elements share properties in common with each other: They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.The transition metals are malleable (easily hammered into shape or bent).These metals tend to be very hard.Transition metals look shiny and metallic. Most transition metals are grayish or white (like iron or silver), but gold and copper have colors not seen in any other elements on the periodic table.The transition metals, as a group, have high melting points. The exception is mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. By extension, these elements also have high boiling points.Their d orbitals become progressively filled as you move from left to right across the periodic table. Because the subshell is not filled, atoms of the transition metals have positive oxidation states and also display more than one oxidation state. For example, iron commonly carries a 3 or 2 oxidation state. Copper may have a 1 or 2 oxidation state. The positive oxidation state means the transition metals typically form ionic or partially ionic compound s. Atoms of these elements have low ionization energies.Transition metals form colored complexes, so their compounds and solutions may be colorful. The complexes split the d orbital into two energy sublevels  so they absorb specific wavelengths of light. Because of the different oxidation states, its possible for one element to produce complexes and solutions in a wide range of colors.Although the transition metals are reactive, they are not as reactive as elements belonging to the alkali metals group.Many transition metals form paramagnetic compounds.

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley was born in Dublin, Ireland in late April or early May 1769, and was the fourth son of Garret Wesley, Earl of Mornington and his wife Anne. Though initially educated locally, Wellesley later attended Eton (1781-1784), before receiving additional schooling in Brussels, Belgium. After a year at the French Royal Academy of Equitation, he returned to England in 1786. As the family was short on funds, Wellesley was encouraged to pursue a military career and was able to use connections to the Duke of Rutland to secure an ensigns commission in the army. Serving as an aide-de-camp to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Wellesley was promoted to lieutenant in 1787. While serving in Ireland, he decided to enter politics and was elected to the Irish House of Commons representing Trim in 1790. Promoted to captain a year later, he fell in love with Kitty Packenham and sought her hand in marriage in 1793. His offer was declined by her family and Wellesley elected to refocus on his career. As such, he first purchased a majors commission in the 33rd Regiment of Foot before buying the lieutenant colonelcy in September 1793. Arthur Wellesleys First Campaigns India In 1794, Wellesleys regiment was ordered to join the Duke of Yorks campaign in Flanders. Part of the French Revolutionary Wars, the campaign was an attempt by coalition forces to invade France. Taking part in the Battle of Boxtel in September, Wellesley was horrified by the campaigns poor leadership and organization. Returning to England in early 1795, he was promoted to colonel a year later. In mid-1796, his regiment received orders to sail for Calcutta, India. Arriving the following February, Wellesley was joined in 1798 by his brother Richard who had been appointed Governor-General of India. With the outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1798, Wellesley took part in the campaign to defeat the Sultan of Mysore, Tipu Sultan. Performing well, he played a key role in the victory at the Battle of Seringapatam in April-May, 1799. Serving as the local governor after the British triumph, Wellesley was promoted to brigadier general in 1801. Elevated to major general a year later, he led British forces to victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Honing his skills in the process, he badly defeated the enemy at Assaye, Argaum, and Gawilghur.​ Returning Home For his efforts in India, Wellesley was knighted in September 1804. Returning home in 1805, he took part in the failed Anglo-Russian campaign along the Elbe. Later that year and due to his new status, he was permitted by the Packenhams to marry Kitty. Elected to Parliament from Rye in 1806, he later was made a privy councilor and appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland. Taking part in the British expedition to Denmark in 1807, he led troops to victory at the Battle of Kà ¸ge in August. Promoted to lieutenant general in April 1808, he accepted command of a force intended to attack the Spanish colonies in South America. To Portugal Departing in July 1808, Wellesleys expedition was instead directed to the Iberian Peninsula to aid Portugal. Going ashore, he defeated the French at Rolià §a and Vimeiro in August. After the latter engagement, he was superseded in command by General Sir Hew Dalrymple who concluded the Convention of Sintra with the French. This permitted the defeated army to return to France with their plunder with Royal Navy providing transportation. As a result of this lenient agreement, both Dalrymple and Wellesley were recalled to Britain to face a Court of Enquiry. The Peninsular War Facing the board, Wellesley was cleared as he had only signed the preliminary armistice under orders. Advocating for a return to Portugal, he lobbied the government showing that it was a front on which the British could effectively fight the French. In April 1809, Wellesley arrived at Lisbon and began preparing for new operations. Going on the offensive, he defeated Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult at the Second Battle of Porto in May and pressed into Spain to unite with Spanish forces under General Gregorio Garcà ­a de la Cuesta. Defeating a French army at Talavera in July, Wellesley was forced to withdraw when Soult threatened to cut his supply lines to Portugal. Short on supplies and increasingly frustrated by Cuesta, he retreated by into Portuguese territory. In 1810, reinforced French forces under Marshal Andrà © Massà ©na invaded Portugal forcing Wellesley to retreat behind the formidable Lines of Torres Vedras. As Massà ©na was unable to break through the lines a stalemate ensued. After remaining in Portugal for six months, the French were forced to retreat in early 1811 due to sickness and starvation. Advancing from Portugal, Wellesley laid siege to Almeida in April 1811. Advancing to the citys aid, Massà ©na met him at the Battle of Fuentes de Oà ±oro in early May. Winning a strategic victory, Wellesley was promoted to general on July 31. In 1812, he moved against the fortified cities of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz. Storming the former in January, Wellesley secured the latter after a bloody fight in early April. Pushing deeper into Spain, he won a decisive victory over Marshal Auguste Marmont at the Battle of Salamanca in July. Victory in Spain For his triumph, he was made Earl then Marquess of Wellington. Moving on to Burgos, Wellington was unable to take the city and was forced to retreat back to Ciudad Rodrigo that fall when Soult and Marmont united their armies. In 1813, he advanced north of Burgos and switched his supply base to Santander. This move forced the French to abandon Burgos and Madrid. Outflanking the French lines, he crushed the retreating enemy at the Battle of Vitoria on June 21. In recognition of this, he was promoted to field marshal. Pursuing the French, he laid siege to San Sebastin in July and defeated Soult at Pyrenees, Bidassoa and Nivelle. Invading France, Wellington drove Soult back after victories at the Nive and Orthez before hemming the French commander in at Toulouse in early 1814. After bloody fighting, Soult, having learned of Napoleons abdication, agreed to an armistice. The Hundred Days Elevated to Duke of Wellington, he first served as ambassador to France before becoming first plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna. With Napoleons escape from Elba and subsequent return to power in February 1815, Wellington raced to Belgium to take command of the Allied army. Clashing with the French at Quatre Bras on June 16, Wellington withdrew to a ridge near Waterloo. Two days later, Wellington and Field Marshal Gebhard von Blà ¼cher decisively defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. Later Life With the end of the war, Wellington returned to politics as Master-General of the Ordnance in 1819. Eight years later he was made Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. Increasingly influential with the Tories, Wellington became prime minister in 1828. Though staunchly conservative, he advocated for and granted Catholic Emancipation. Increasingly unpopular, his government fell after only two years. He later served as foreign secretary and minister without portfolio in the governments of Robert Peel. Retiring from politics in 1846, he retained his military position until his death. Wellington died at Walmer Castle on September 14, 1852 after suffering a stroke. Following a state funeral, he was buried at St. Pauls Cathedral in London near Britains other hero of the Napoleonic Wars, Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson.

Downloading (Piracy) files, Music, movies etc. is immoral or wrong Essay

Downloading (Piracy) files, Music, movies etc. is immoral or wrong - Essay Example File – sharers distribute material free of cost to others (Piracy). However, their activity is classified as piracy and it is illegal. It is only the copyright owners who have the sole right to sell or distribute their copyrighted material. This right is infringed when such material is exchanged freely. As such, it is an act of piracy; because, such free exchange prevents copyright owners from regulating the sale and distribution of their copyrighted material (Piracy). Consequently, piracy is immoral. Software piracy is increasing at a more rapid pace than the growth of the software industry. Piracy is unethical and equivalent to stealing a commodity from a shop. (Legal, Ethical & Social Issues). The only difference is that shoplifters are arrested and punished immediately, whereas pirates are never arrested. The new breed of pirates on the Internet use a technology called file – sharing technology. They justify their actions, by stating that they do not distribute pirated software for making profits or for acquiring any financial advantage. Consequently, they claim that they should not be termed pirates or subjected to punishment (Legal, Ethical & Social Issues). They argue that they distribute copyrighted software free; which makes it very difficult, to prosecute and punish them under the provisions of law. File – sharers distribute music files to other members. There are several tools on the Internet such as Kazaa, Grokster, and Gnutella, which are file – sharing programs. The music is distributed in the MP3 format. With the introduction of broadband, the internet gained speed and bandwidth. This has permitted file - sharers to distribute movies and television programs (Piracy). File sharing has become a commonly practiced form of piracy on the Internet. It is illegal and subject to prosecution on charges of infringement of copyright. Pirated software is